Wednesday, October 30, 2019
International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
International law - Essay Example ........................................................................................ 6 State Practice...................................................................................................... 7 Hierarchy of sources........................................................................................... 8 International trade and development.................................................................. 8 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 10 References...................................................................................................................... 11 Main Sources of International Law Introduction International law is the primary governing authority in the management of international affairs. It includes laws and provisions which indicate standards by which states can interact with each other. These provisions also provide processes which are mandated for states to follow in relation to territorial, political, social, and economic relations. The commonly known source of international law includes the legal provisions passed by the United Nations and its General Assembly. However, other laws also make up the overall international statutes which help ensure the peaceful and efficient relations of states and other international actors. Although these statutes are often difficult to implement due to the inherent independence of states, sanctions are nevertheless forthcoming for violators. This paper shall outline and explain the main sources of international law. It will evaluate these sources in terms of their significance and importance in promoting the growth and development of international business and trade. This study will initially discuss the different sources of international law. An evaluation of these sources shall also be carried out and associated with the development of international business and trade. This paper will be discussed in order to provide an academic evaluation of international laws and provisions with the end goal of guiding the future evaluation of international activities and actions of states and business entities. Body Overview of sources of international law The sources of international law would include the materials and provisions where the standards and principles managing states and international actors are established (Jennings and Watts, 1992). These sources are based on various political and legal principles. In the 19th century, the concept of pacta sunt servanda was recognized, mostly as a means of limiting sovereign power and authority (Jennings and Watts, 1992). This homogeneous perspective of international law was apparent in the 1920 Statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice, and further specified under Article 38(1) of the 1948 provisions on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (Malanczuk, 1997). Article 38(1) is acknowledged to be the most enco mpassing provision indicating the sources of international law (Koskenniemi, 2000). This article calls for the International Court to use international conventions which are expressly acknowledged by other states and international customs as general practices supported by the law. To prevent non liquet, where no law would apply, the article also mentions that general principles used by the courts are those which have long been supported and used by civilized countries (Koskenniemi, 2000). Since states are the ones which give their consent and which
Monday, October 28, 2019
Managerial Accounting Essay Example for Free
Managerial Accounting Essay Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting. Identify the three broad functions of management. Define the three classes of manufacturing costs. Distinguish between product and period costs. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income statement. Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined. Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet. Identify trends in managerial accounting. Managerial accounting is a field of accounting that provides economic and financial information for managers and other internal users. (b) Mary is incorrect. Managerial accounting applies to all types of businessesâ€â€service, merchandising, and manufacturing. (a) Financial accounting is concerned primarily with external users such as stockholders, creditors, and regulators. In contrast, managerial accounting is concerned primarily with internal users such as officers and managers. Financial statements are the end product of financial accounting. The statements are prepared quarterly and annually. In managerial accounting, internal reports may be prepared as frequently as needed. The purpose of financial accounting is to provide general-purpose information for all users. The purpose of managerial accounting is to provide special-purpose information for specific decisions. 2. (b) (c) 3. Differences in the content of the reports are as follows: Financial †¢ Pertains to business as a whole and is highly aggregated. †¢ Limited to double-entry accounting and cost data. †¢ Generally accepted accounting principles. Managerial †¢ Pertains to subunits of the business and may be very detailed. Extends beyond double-entry accounting system to any relevant data. †¢ Standard is relevance to decisions. In financial accounting, financial statements are verified annually through an independent audit by certified public accountants. There are no independent audits of internal reports issued by managerial accountants. 4. Budgets are prepared by companies to provide future direction. Because the budget is also used as an evaluation tool, some managers try to game the budgeting process by underestimating their division’s predicted performance so that it will be easier to meet their performance targets. On the other hand, if the budget is set at unattainable levels, managers sometimes take unethical actions to meet targets to receive higher compensation or in some cases to keep their jobs. Karen should know that the management of an organization performs three broad functions: (1) Planning requires management to look ahead and to establish objectives. (2) Directing involves coordinating the diverse activities and human resources of a company to produce a smooth-running operation. (3) Controlling is the process of keeping the company’s activities on track. Disagree. Decision making is not a separate management function. Rather, decision making involves the exercise of good judgment in performing the three management functions explained in the answer to question five above. Employees with line positions are directly involved in the company’s primary revenue generating operating activities. Examples would include plant managers and supervisors, and the vice president of operations. In contrast, employees with staff positions are not directly involved in revenuegenerating operating activities, but rather serve in a support capacity to line employees. Examples include employees in finance, legal, and human resources. 5. 6. 7. 1-4 Copyright  © 2010 John Wiley Sons, Inc. Weygandt, Managerial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) Questions Chapter 1 (Continued) 8. CEOs and CFOs must now certify that financial statements give a fair presentation of the company’s operating results and its financial condition and that the company maintains an adequate system of internal controls. In addition, the composition of the board of directors and audit committees receives more scrutiny, and penalties for misconduct have increased. The differences between income statements are in the computation of the cost of goods sold as follows: Manufacturing company: Merchandising company: 10. Beginning finished goods inventory plus cost of goods manufactured minus ending finished goods inventory = cost of goods sold. Beginning merchandise inventory plus cost of goods purchased minus ending merchandise inventory = cost of goods sold. 9. The difference in balance sheets pertains to the presentation of inventories in the current asset section. In a merchandising company, only merchandise inventory is shown. In a manufacturing company, three inventory accounts are shown: finished goods, work in process, and raw materials. Manufacturing costs are classified as either direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing overhead. No, Matt is not correct. The distinction between direct and indirect materials is based on two criteria: (1) physical association and (2) the convenience of making the physical association. Materials which can not be easily associated with the finished product are considered indirect materials. Product costs, or inventoriable costs, are costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished product.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Resistance coursework - some useful things :: essays research papers
Resistance Coursework Planning: Aim Investigate how the length of a wire affects the current and resistance of a wire. Variables The variables that could change resistance are: †¢Ã‚     Length of the wire †¢Ã‚     Cross section area (thickness) †¢Ã‚     Changing materials †¢Ã‚     Changing temperatures The variable I am going to change in my experiment is the length of the wire. Prediction and Hypothesis I think as you increase the length of the Constantan wire, you also increase the amount of resistance. The current is the flow of electrons; the current is dependent on the amount of voltage, which is applied. Voltage is the push given to the current. The current has to go through a circuit, which contains resistance so if you increase that push you also increase the flow of the current. All materials have a slight resistance to electricity factors affecting the resistance are: Length, Voltage & Temperature and Surface Area. Preliminary Work Changing only the length of the wire Length     Voltage (V)     Current (A)     Resistance () Short     5.45     0.26     20.96 Long     5.56     0.24     23.16 Longest     5.58     0.19     29.36 Conclusion: the longer the wire, the higher the resistance Changing only the cross section area of the wire Thickness     Voltage (V)     Current (A)     Resistance () Single     4.73     1.45     3.26 Double     4.44     1.98     2.24 Triple     4.34     2.07     2.09 Conclusion: the thicker the wire, the lower the resistance Changing Materials Material     Voltage (V)     Current (A)     Resistance () Constantan     5.51     0.48     11.47 Aluminium     1.82     8.63     0.21 Conclusion: different materials conduct electricity better Changing Temperatures Temperature     Voltage (V)     Current (A)     Resistance () Cold     2.27     6.72     0.34 Hot     2.62     7.00     0.37 Conclusion I came to a conclusion that the decrease in current is the increase in resistance this is because the current although less of it they collide with the resistance causing a decrease in the output voltage. List of equipment and circuit diagram †¢Ã‚     Power pack †¢Ã‚     6 connecting leads †¢Ã‚     Push switch †¢Ã‚     2 crocodile clips †¢Ã‚     Wire (constantan) †¢Ã‚     Voltmeter †¢Ã‚     Ammeter †¢Ã‚     Meter sticks Circuit diagram: Analysing: As the length increased so did the resistance. This is because in a longer piece of wire the electrons have to push past more ions. The electrons have a negative charge and the ions have a positive charge. So energy is needed to keep the electrons flowing.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Karl Marx and Alienation Essay
Karl Marx in his time was known for his research on the alienation of the employees in the workplace. It was during that time in the Industrial Revolution did Karl Marx publish his book Das Kapital which not only criticized the system of capitalism but also the state of the workers working at long hours and under small amounts of compensation. Alienation for Marx is considered to be a cause of a decrease in productivity and entails to a much larger problem among the working class. According to his theory, the worker is subjected to various forms of alienation at the workplace. First one is the alienation to himself. The particular worker in the office would oftentimes consider himself a different person (Marx, 2006). This is brought about by the particular thinking that he alone exists and no one else does. Same can be said for the students in universities who often think a lot, write a lot, and do sorts of things that sometimes, he detaches himself from his inner capabilities. The student who also experience rejection, failure, and embarrassment is also alienated to himself. For instance, if one student fails a subject although he knows for a fact that he did everything he could just to pass his subject, he would resort to do other things that seem to worth nothing because even if he did what he could, he still failed the subject. This results to certain forms of depression and also sometimes to even suicide. Another form of alienation that Karl Marx explained is the alienation from other people in the workplace. For example, in particular workplace or office, employees commonly have cubicles wherein they do their jobs throughout the shift not necessarily minding the other people he works with. Applying this form of alienation to students in the university, students often most are alienated from one another in so many ways. First, students are separated from one another in classes in various buildings. Second, students are, in a particular class, not allowed to interact with one another during a lecture. They are alienated with one another by the existence of that certain notion of fountain of knowledge that most professors have. The fountain of knowledge is that one person acknowledges himself to be the only source of information. This certain act further contributes to the alienation. This is even more substantiated by the pressure the studies bring in the thinking that the only way to get a job is to have a degree in a university. With that particular way of thinking, the recognition of the various forms of intelligence are ignored and only the academic intelligence is recognized. The last form of alienation that most modern workers experience is the alienation from society. This form of alienation causes the individual to think that he is separate from society and works as an island. Modern office workers experience this by the schedule of their work. For instance, in a lot of business processes outsourcing (BPO) workers, graveyard shifts are a common thing to have. Graveyard shifts are working hours that are not the conventional type of working hours. They work at night when everyone is supposed to be sleeping and getting ready for the next day ahead. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Students on the other hand, also experience this kind of alienation. First, alienation from their love ones is exhibited by leaving their families to live in dormitories inside the campus and thus learning to live on their own (Salerno, 2004). Second, by having the pressure that not studying enough would cause rejection. This thinking often leads to the reasoning why students are often studying hard at night when everyone else should be resting. Also, student in universities does not want anyone to disturb them and this is explained by the fact that as they are alienated, their behaviour changes as well. References: Marx, K., Engels, F., & Jones, G. S. (2006). The communist manifesto. 119 p. Salerno, R. A. (2004). Beyond the enlightenment : lives and thoughts of social theorists. xi, 242 p.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Euroland Foods SA Case Analysis
I. Introduction Euroland Foods Company was a publicly traded company since 1979. Theo Verdin founded the company in 1924 as a result in developing his dairy business. Euroland Foods Company saw itself as a multinational producer. The four products were high-quality ice cream, yogurt, bottled water, and fruit juices. Each product accounted for 60%, 20%, 10%, and 10% of the company’s revenue respectively. The company’s headquarters was in Brussels, Belgium. Since the day the company was founded, it has experienced steadily development. II. Background of Firm The board of directors of Euroland Foods Company had 12members. Three of them were the Verdin family, four of them were from the management, and the left five members came from outside. The combined Verdin family, the combined company executive, Venus Asset Management, and Banque du Bruges et des Pays Bas were the four biggest stockholders. Each had 20%, 10%, 12%, and 9% of the company’s shares outstanding respectively. Senior Management Committee was responsible for the capital budgeting and presenting it to the board of directors every year. Seven members, including five managing directors, one PDG, and one finance director, were on the committee. III. Statement of Situation Euroland Foods Company had two major problems comparing with its peers. One was the high debt-to-equity ratio, another one was the low price-to-earnings ratio. The debt-to-equity ratio was 125%, which made the Banque du Bruges, Euroland’s bank, could not keep silence. Banque du Bruges strongly pushed a debt reduction program to Euroland. No project could be financed if the leverage level was beyond the current debt-to-equity ratio. The lower the price-to-earnings ratio, the lower the stock price was. In this case, the Euroland’s stock price was lower than average of peers. At the current ratio 14, Euroland’s market value was below its book value. Euroland Foods Company failed in the trying of new product introduction. Its sales had been stopped since 1998. The creditor, Banque du Bruges, was worrying about the Euroland’s ability to pay its debt back. The one of the biggest stockholder, Venus Asset Management, was worrying about cutting off the dividends. IV. Constraints on Solution Due to the high debt-to-equity ratio, the board of directors decided to limit capital spending to EUR 120 million. There were eleven projects on the table, and up to total EUR 316 million. There was estimated minimum acceptable IRR and maximum acceptable payback years. (Table 1) V. Possible Solutions In order to increase the sales, Euroland Company has to choose projects wisely under the EUR 120 million budget limitation, minimum IRR limitation, and maximum payback period limitation. Net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period are the main measures Euroland Company used to analyze each project. According to Exhibit 3, project 1 replacement and expansion of the truck fleet, project 2 a new plant, project 3 expansion of a plant, project 4 development and roll-out of snack foods, and project 5plant automation and conveyor systems are eliminated for the over maximum acceptable payback period. The left projects are all considerable. The special project in this case is the effluent-water treatment at four plants. Because it belongs to the safety or environments category, there is no measurement yet. Euroland Company could see it as a future expenditure, and if Leyden was right, we can spend EUR 6 million today instead of EUR 15 million four year later. This project will save Euroland a lot in the future. (the saving amount equals to the net present value of EUR 15 million minus EUR 6 million) The project is going to be mandatory four year later. VI. Recommended Solution If I was on the board of directors, I would approve project 11, Acquisition of a leading schnapps brand and associated facilities, which is analyzed as project 10 on the Exhibit 3; project 7, Market expansion southward, which is analyzed as project 6 on the exhibit 3; and project 9, Development and introduction of new artificially sweetened yogurt and ice cream, which is analyzed as project 8 on the exhibit 3. The capital budget for the three projects are EUR 60 million, EUR 30 million, and EUR 27 million respectively, which give us the total EUR 117 million. We still have EUR 3 million can use, and I will propose to use it in the effluent-water treatment at four plants project. Although the project estimated cost is EUR 6 million, companies barely pay such a huge amount in one day. We can negotiate with the seller to come up a payment plan; in addition we need to make a deal which the first payment is not greater than EUR 3 million. Project 7 market expansions southward and project 8 market expansions eastward are similar, but I decided to approve project market expansions southward instead. Besides the higher net present value and internal of rate of return, the purchasing power is stronger and competition is less intense.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Roles of Ngos to Development Essays
Roles of Ngos to Development Essays Roles of Ngos to Development Essay Roles of Ngos to Development Essay EXAMINE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NGO’s TO DEVELOPMENT NGO is an acronym which stands for â€Å"non-governmental organization. The UN defines an NGO as a kind of private organization that is independent from government control and is non-profit, non-criminal and simply an opposition party. According to professor Peter Willets, from the university of London , argues the definition of NGO as an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities. The most common classification of NGOs is by orientation and level of operation. Orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on, these may include human rights, environmental protection or development works. Level of operation refers to whether it is community based, citywide, national or international. The contributions to NGO’s are: Education, this plays a major role in development since without it development cannot take place. Education can be formal or non-formal. They provide teaching and learning materials for some schools in the deprived areas in Ghana, improved access to education for adults and child rights in quality education. An example is GIGDEV an NGO based in the north which aims at helping adolescent girls by training them in batik tie and dye, hairdressing and sewing to prevent them from going to the south to seek nonexistent jobs. 150 junior high schools in 13 selected districts from the Brong Ahafo, Central region, Eastern region and Greater Accra region to benefit from a project aimed at improving the quality of education in the country. Which is been implemented by Plan Ghana. Agriculture, this is done by providing equipment to the farmers in deprived areas to help them get better yields. Also they are taught new farming techniques that can improve the quality of yields, advised on crops to cultivate. They help farmers advocate policies that promote market access, control over productive resources by small scale farmers and sustainable agric in the face of climate change. Examples of such NGO’s are SNV and SARI. Also in the economic sector NGOs help alleviate poverty. Since 2009 Technoserve has supported 4209 women in the northern, Upper East and Upper west. They have been economically marginalized. 12 women groups were supported to secure Shea processing centres. This means that these people are assisted to start small scale businesses to earn capital which will in turn improve their standard of life. This helps the people immensely because they now gain capital to improve their standard of living. SNV is implementing four year project to assist smallholder farmers in three African countries, Ghana included to supply their national school feeding programme. it is been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation with a grant of 7. million dollars. Science and technology is also an area NGOs tackle by providing the right materials for science programmes which help upcoming students with keen interest in science to develop their potentials. Some of these NGO come out with research findings which help in development of some sectors. Some of the NGOs SARI, UNESCO. In the area of health care, this is done by providing health centers, prov iding potable water. Providing the deprived with nutritious food to eat. Some NGOs like USAID provide cooking oil and rice to some of the deprived areas. They also help them with the guinea worm eradication in the northern parts by giving them mouth filters which can be used to drink water from some water bodies. Some examples are water Aid, Oxfam and WHO Some NGO provide relief items in cases of conflicts and natural disasters like floods which is prominent during the rainy season in Ghana. This relief items like bags of rice, sugar, corn, mattresses, clothing, building materials are donated to the affected people in these areas. An example is ADRA. In addition, others play a role in the rights of people be it the mentally challenged or not. Basic needs Basic rights belief mental health is not a right or a privilege . They help people with mental illness and epilepsy. When they recover their health they learn new skills or go back to their work. Actionaid promote women’s rights, the organization worked on women’s participation in leadership and decision making, violence against women and girls. To conclude, the contributions of NGOs to development cannot be over emphasized since it deals with major aspects of development like education, agriculture, economic, healthcare, provision of relief items and human rights
Monday, October 21, 2019
The reasons for U.S. military involvement in Vietnam essays
The reasons for U.S. military involvement in Vietnam essays The overarching reason that America became embroiled in the communist/nationalist conflict in Vietnam in the late 1950s was the attempt to halt the domino effect of communism in the region. The domino effect was first can be defined as a cumulative effect produced when one event sets off a chain of similar events. In this case, the U.S. had a policy of containment when it came to dealing with the communist U.S.S.R. and the Peoples Republic of China. The theory went that if the U.S. allowed a currently non-communist country fall into communist rule, then this would increase the likelihood that a neighboring country would then be subject to falling under communist rule as well. Thus, one domino topples into another and so on. By pursuing a policy of actively thwarting attempts at communist rule wherever it could, the U.S. government felt it could stem the tide of communism and by proxy, the influence of the U.S.S.R. and U.S. global planning has always been sophisticated and careful, as one would expect from a major superpower with a highly centralized and class conscious dominant social group. Their power, in turn, is rooted in their ownership and management of the economy, as is the norm in most societies. During World War II, American planners were well aware that the United States was going to emerge as a world-dominant power, in a position of hegemony that had few historical parallels, and they organized and met in order to deal with this situation. Planning for after the war involved dividing the world up into regional sections, and approaching each region differently but with the ultimate purpose of benefiting U.S.A. aims and Early participation against the communist led insurgency into what was then called South Vietnam consisted of the Eisenhower administration sending in military advisors and C.I.A. operatives to help train and bolster t ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
The Different Types of Cloning Techniques
The Different Types of Cloning Techniques Cloning refers to the development of offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. Animals which reproduce asexually are examples of clones that are produced naturally. Thanks to advances in genetics, however, cloning can also occur artificially by using certain cloning techniques. Cloning techniques are laboratory processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent. Clones of adult animals are created by the processes of artificial twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. There are two variations of the somatic cell nuclear transfer method. They are the Roslin Technique and the Honolulu Technique. It is important to note that in all of these techniques the resulting offspring will be genetically identical to the donor and not the surrogate unless the donated nucleus is taken from a somatic cell of the surrogate. Cloning Techniques Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer The term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ cell (sex cell). An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc. In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate. The Roslin Technique The Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly. In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei intact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate. The Honolulu Technique The Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemical solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Artificial Twinning While the previously mentioned techniques involve somatic cell nuclear transfer, artificial twinning does not. Artificial twinning involves fertilization of a female gamete (egg) and separation of resulting embryonic cells in the early stages of development. Each separated cell continues to grow and can be implanted into a surrogate. These developing embryos mature, eventually forming separate individuals. All of these individuals are genetically identical, as they were originally separated from a single embryo. This process is similar to what happens in the development of natural identical twins. Why Use Cloning Techniques? Researchers hope that these techniques can be used in researching and treating human diseases and genetically altering animals for the production of human proteins and transplant organs. Another potential application includes the production of animals with favorable traits for use in agriculture.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Management in a global enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Management in a global enviroment - Essay Example For companies with a very strong and specific culture it will be even harder to change. This is a huge challenge for management. Change has become a way of life for most organizations. Pressure from increasing competition, globalization, technological developments, and other forces has created an environment that rewards an organization that are capable of identifying trends and issues and responding quickly to them. Change is the only permanent thing in this world and when organizations change there are many forces of resistance against the change and culture is one of the important forces of resistance. HRM Techniques play a major role in changing the organizational culture. The major Interventions used in bringing a change include Human Processual, Techno structural, Socio technical systems and organization transformation. The various HRM Techniques include Action research, Organizational development, Sensitivity Training, Survey Feedback, Process Consultation, Team Building, Inter group development, Appreciative enquiry. The world's increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continent. For this reason, profit and non-profit organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today. Managing diversity remains a significant organizational challenge and managers must learn the managerial skills needed in a multicultural work environment. Managers must shift their philosophy from treating every one alike to recognizing differences and responding to those differences in different ways and at the same time avoiding discrimination. Supervisors and managers must be prepared to teach themselves and others within their organizations to value multicultural differences in both associates and customers so that everyone is treated with dignity. - Stephen P. Robbins, Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, 10th Edition.Pg.14-15. Demographic changes (women in the workplace, organizational restructurings, and equal opportunity legislation) will require organizations to review their management practices and develop new and creative approaches to managing people. Changes will increase work performance and customer service. The need to understand diversity is also driven by women in the workplace. Today's workforce has the highest levels of employment participation ever by women. The number of dual income families and single working mothers has increased. Change in the family structure means that there are fewer men and
The Great Mandela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
The Great Mandela - Research Paper Example Mandela belonged to Tembu clan of Xhosa tribe and was loved by many people not only from his clan but also the entire country and globally (Rakoczy 164). Nelson Mandela is a renowned South African freedom fighter who greatly contributed to ending apartheid in South Africa and he also addressed and fought for human rights worldwide. Since 1940s, Mandela remained a strong member of African National Congress (ANC) and he led the movements against the ruling government because they were fed up with the racial discrimination in South Africa. Together with other ANC members, they strongly opposed the minority white rule which was characterized by racial discriminations whereby, individuals were divided based on their racial background because the government itself encouraged racism. His actions made him spend nearly three decades in prison and when he was released in 1990, Mandela participated in the elimination of apartheid in South Africa enabling him to become the country’s first black president in 1994. After finishing his first term in 1999, Mandela retired from active politics and remained committed to promoting peace and social justice in his country and worldwide until his death in 2013. This paper discusses the life of Mandela until his death and it also identifies some of his actions for social justice issues. Mandela was the first in his family to undergo through a formal education and he successfully finished his primary studies at a local missionary school and in 1939, he joined the elite University of Fort Hare, the only open institution to blacks in South Africa. However, in the following year, he and others were sent home for engaging in a boycott against university policies (Rakoczy 165). Mandela escaped to Johannesburg after realizing that his guardian had arranged a marriage for him (Guiloineau 129). He first started working as a watchman but later as a law clerk and the same time pursuing his Bachelor of Arts
Friday, October 18, 2019
Voice over Internet Protocol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Voice over Internet Protocol - Research Paper Example Though, VoIP is abbreviated as Voice over Internet Protocol but it is as well known as Internet Telephony or IP Telephony for the reason that it allows us to make phone calls absolutely free or cheaper. Without a doubt, in this age of modern technologies the phone set is not essential, and presently we can communicate without a telephone set (Garden, 2011; Unuth, 2012). In addition, the VoIP is the most modern technology that is used to broadcast voice exchanges over an external or internal data network using IP (internet protocol) data packets (those are in digital form). In fact, this new type of communication facilitates the similar commutation as telephone without loss in reliability, functionality or quality; as well as in compliance with communication specifications presented by ITU (International Telecommunications Union). Additionally, the term â€Å"VoIP†is as well used to denote the software and hardware used to make such calls over the internet network (Unuth, 2012 ; Best Price Computers, 2012). This paper presents a detailed analysis of VoIP technology. This paper will discuss some of the important aspects that are associated with WAN network establishment. This paper will discuss these aspects in context of Acme Manufacturing Business. 1.1- Company Background As discussed above, this paper is based on the implementation of a new VoIP network for Acme Manufacturing Company. Basically, Acme expects a communication network design document that includes our recommendations. At the present, Acme Manufacturing Company has evolved to a huge business arrangement and considerably developed into a huge business arrangement. In this scenario, there is a need for the establishment of some VoIP network technology that can allow them to interlink the overall working and operational procedures of the business. Hence, they need to connect different business offices and arrangements located in China and several other offices throughout the United State s (Acme, 2012). 2- PROBLEM SOLUTION Over the past four generations of Carlson family ownership, and approximately 100 years of devoted service globally, the Acme Manufacturing Corporation has successfully established and maintained a remarkable focus on building up cost-effective systems and solutions to convene complex final requirements. Additionally, the Acme Manufacturing Corporation is currently offering its services and support in form of Acme equipment in the US, Asia and Europe (Acme Mfg. Co., 2012). In addition, the global network of the Acme Manufacturing Corporation has its headquarter located in Atlanta, Georgia (Acme Mfg. Co., 2012; Acme, 2012). Additionally, this global network needs a continuous and effective connection and communication setup to connect all corporate centers located all through the world. This corporate setup should be established with an effective communication arrangement for effective management of corporate operations. Without a doubt, effective communi
American Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
American Dance - Essay Example American theatrical dance has expanded through a progression of generations numerous build on the work, thus creating a pedigree marked by innovation. This form of dance cannot be neatly defined. It is a form of style of American modern dance evolving through quest of discoveries and shares the communicative potential of human association. In true sense American theatrical dance comprises of Broadway, modern and ballet forms of dancing style. These forms of dance depict the economic and cultural changes happening in the society. From time to time they have enacted on issues of social significance and always conveyed some messages to the audience through their theatrical dance performances. These dancing form pioneered dance in bare foot and elegant costumes. They portray a form of social affirmation and were means of expressing nation’s and society’s power (Brown). The society values theatrical dance as a communicative and bonding experience forming a well-developed str ucture of communication. This essay will focus on the two forms of American modern dance that is Broadway and Ballet, and how are they different to each other. Broadway Theatrical Dance: Broadway dance forms a part of the modern American theatrical dance. It can be classified as an incorporation of jazz and modern style accompanied with theater and music. At the beginning of the Broadway dance people were tricked and amazed by the concepts of Broadway Theater as this pioneered a dancing form with play’s plot. Initially Broadway was not taken as a serious theatrical dance. People were uncertain about the entire structure of the dance form. But later it evolved as a dance form which had a social message for the society. Soon after, Broadway started gaining popularity amongst the audience as fusion of jazz and modern art dance. This form of theatrical dance was incorporated with exceptional movement and unconventional use of body parts. The entire act was supported by the usage of props, integration of personalities, storytelling of a incident. The entire performance was choreographed and presented through lucid expressions. The entire performances take place with music playing backstage. The music is played as per the theme of the subject matter of the performance. With changing time span Broadway musical took off. It popularity enhanced day by day and gained recognition as an artistic form of theater. Broadway dance form exerted profound influence in the New York life tradition and culture. Their themes were realistic with a touch of whimsical feel. As per the critics it attracted the serious theater goers who were deeply moved by the socio-economical concerns of the society. During its early stage the middle class New Yorkers used to be its target audience. Their theme appealed to them to a great extends. Broadway theatrical evolved as an assembly of multidimensional talents. It consisted of a group of singers, dancers, actors, musicians who emerged as celebrities. Famous Broadway personalities included Anna held, Lillian Russell, Marilyn Miller, DeWolf Hoppe, Ray Bolger etc. These eminent personalities had been a part of this theatrical dance from time to time. Robert Alton had been a choreographer of this dance form who brought out the first modern dances closely related to many dance performances in New York stage today. Nowadays dance performances have become dominated in the Broadway theatrica
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4
Review - Article Example Therefore, undercover economies are new fundamental principles that are used to explain the modern economy using familiar economic circumstances to explain unfamiliar economic circumstances. Tim Harford is the think tank behind this economic revolution. In his contributions, he revealed that the games of negotiations and signals, battles of wits, and contests of strengths as the driving powers behind undercover economic concept. Additionally, the undercover economic revelation can be applied in all levels of the economies including making a choice in an individual’s daily life (Chapin 01). Notably, the La Vie en Rose CEO never hesitated to try a new concept to his business. In opting trying this newly found concept, CEO Franà §ois Roberge note that in order to achieve in his new venture, he needed to apply the ideals principles of management theories. He was saying, â€Å"If you don’t try, there’s no evolution. My concept of retail is†¦ if you don’t move, you die†(Chapin 01). These concepts congregate organizational or business activities thereby bring workforce together with the aim of accomplishing business objectives and goal s using available resources. Roberge conciliated his management force towards the venture of newly found opportunity. However, Roberge needed deep understanding of the concepts of management theories to implement his idea towards enhancing his organizational or business productivity and service quality along the same line. Most of the management theories or concepts are used cumulatively in implementing strategies within a workplace. However, a workplace, workforce, and the purpose of the work often determine the combination of the management theories or concept combination. System theory, contingency theory, and chaos theory are the mostly known management theories. These theories are quite vital for Roberge since he needed to venture in different business market and deal with different
Prenatal Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Prenatal Development - Essay Example The paramount relevance of prenatal care in reducing infant deaths has been over and over again reported in studies and the connection between Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and prenatal development corresponds, most obviously, to this factor. The impact of drug consumption during prenatal development is, therefore, highly perilous and the connection between prenatal development and FAS draws attention to the same danger. The relationship between prenatal development and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome offers one of the stimulating topics of profound analyses in the area and it is important in such analyses to determine when and how the fetus is affected. Therefore, this paper mulls over the various pertinent areas of the relationship between prenatal development and FAS in order to determine the proper utility of such analyses. In a reflective analysis of the broader picture of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the modern world, one becomes aware of the immensity of the issue and the prenatal exposure to alcohol is the single most cause mental retardation in the US today. Important studies on prenatal development prove that the use of alcohol during this period have a venomous impact on the growing facial features, the central nervous system of the fetus, the growth rate and birth weight. "Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome or a host of fetal alcohol effects that include a wide range of mild to severe cognitive, behavioral, and growth delays. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in about 1 of 750 births in the United States. Many thousands more are born with fetal alcohol effects." (Sloboda and Bukoski, p 330). In fact, the widely recognized human teratogen called alcohol has been the prime producer of FAS and the other related effects in children. Alcohol, among all the substances of abuse, is the most dangerous and serious manufacturer of neurobehavioral effects in the fetus. While the nature of the substance used in the prenatal development period has a vital role in causing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, it is more imperative to analyze the timing of the exposure alcohol as it is a major variable influencing FAS. As mentioned before, one of the most vital variables predicting the effect of the consumption of alcohol during the prenatal development has been the timing of the exposure to the substance. Thus, the exposure of the fetus to a substance can have different types if impact when it either coincides with or misses a period of peak sensitivity to the substance. "For example, fetal exposure to alcohol, even at relatively low doses, has its greatest impact on development if it occurs early in the first trimester or at any time during the third trimester. This is because the developing fetus has different periods of peak sensitivity to alcohol." (Sloboda and Bukoski, p 330). Therefore, it is vital to relate to the timing of the exposure alcohol when the fetus is affected the most in prenatal development. The broad period of prenatal development is often divided into three periods for the sake of convenience, i.e. the pre-differentiation period, the period of the embryo, and the period of the fetus. In the total span of prenatal devel
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4
Review - Article Example Therefore, undercover economies are new fundamental principles that are used to explain the modern economy using familiar economic circumstances to explain unfamiliar economic circumstances. Tim Harford is the think tank behind this economic revolution. In his contributions, he revealed that the games of negotiations and signals, battles of wits, and contests of strengths as the driving powers behind undercover economic concept. Additionally, the undercover economic revelation can be applied in all levels of the economies including making a choice in an individual’s daily life (Chapin 01). Notably, the La Vie en Rose CEO never hesitated to try a new concept to his business. In opting trying this newly found concept, CEO Franà §ois Roberge note that in order to achieve in his new venture, he needed to apply the ideals principles of management theories. He was saying, â€Å"If you don’t try, there’s no evolution. My concept of retail is†¦ if you don’t move, you die†(Chapin 01). These concepts congregate organizational or business activities thereby bring workforce together with the aim of accomplishing business objectives and goal s using available resources. Roberge conciliated his management force towards the venture of newly found opportunity. However, Roberge needed deep understanding of the concepts of management theories to implement his idea towards enhancing his organizational or business productivity and service quality along the same line. Most of the management theories or concepts are used cumulatively in implementing strategies within a workplace. However, a workplace, workforce, and the purpose of the work often determine the combination of the management theories or concept combination. System theory, contingency theory, and chaos theory are the mostly known management theories. These theories are quite vital for Roberge since he needed to venture in different business market and deal with different
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Apperendi V. New Jersey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Apperendi V. New Jersey - Assignment Example fore in this case was whether the Due Process Clause as contained in the Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution that requires that a factual determination to increase a prison term by more that between ten to twenty years be determined by a jury after a proof of beyond reasonable doubt. This case was important to the criminal justice system is that it found it unconstitutional for a legislature to purport to remove from the jury the assessment of the facts which makes an increase in the range of penalties to which a criminal defendant is liable for. It should therefore be clear that the facts have been established by a proof beyond reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court affirmed the rights of an accused to liberty and the following of the due process of law, which guarantees a public and speedy trial, carried out by an impartial jury as well as the application of the standard of proof of beyond reasonable doubt in criminal cases in order to limit error. However, in a dissenting opinion, the honorable judges found that the courts by deciding so had limited the power of the legislatures to define criminal offences and the punishment for them (Reuters, 56). As a prosecutor, my role would be to ensure that criminal cases are proved beyond reasonable doubt, as it is the prosecution that subjects the defendant to the possibility of losing liberty on conviction, which would certainly stigmatize him in the
Monday, October 14, 2019
The Marketing Concept Essay Example for Free
The Marketing Concept Essay The marketing concept consists of three basic elements. 1.Customer Orientation 2.Company Commitment 3.Company Goals The first concept that I will define and explain is customer orientation. Customer orientation is producing items that people want, and selling the effectively. In order to perform this task will need to base your decision-making on customers needs and wants. So, instead of trying to market what is easiest to make, you must find out much more about what the consumer is willing to buy. In other words, you must apply your creativeness more intelligently to people and their needs, rather that to products. Next is company commitment. Company commitment is when the business coordinates all of its marketing activities with each other and with all other business functions, such as accounting, production, management, and administration. This should enable the organization to improve its effectiveness in providing customer satisfaction. When a company commits itself to consumer satisfaction and uses it resources for that purpose, the third element of the marketing concept, achievement of goals, should happen. Companies continue to exist by achieving their long-term goals; not by making quick sales, offerings, or changes that do not satisfy customer needs.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Advising Boeing And Airbus On Foreign Exchange Risk Finance Essay
Advising Boeing And Airbus On Foreign Exchange Risk Finance Essay BOEING: Boeing is the worlds largest aerospace company. Being a leading manufacturer of commercial jetliners, it is a top US exporter. It provides tailored services that include commercial and military aircraft, satellites, weapons, electronic and defense systems, launch systems, advanced information and communication systems. (Boeing, 2010). The company has it corporate offices in Chicago and also employs more than 159,000 people across the United States and in 70 countries, also has nearly 12000 commercial jetliners, in service worldwide, which is roughly 75 percent of the world fleet. (Boeing, 2010). AIRBUS: Airbus is a leading aircraft manufacturer owned by European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADs), a global leader in aerospace defense and related services. Having its headquarters in Toulouse, France, it has fully owned subsidiaries in the United States, China, Japan and Middle East. It has it spare part centers in Hamburg, Frankfurt, Washington, Beijing and Singapore, training centers in Toulouse, Miami, Hamburg, and Beijing (Airbus, 2011). The company has 150 field service offices around the world and employs a total work force of 119,000 and has presence on every continent (Airbus, 2011). The major competitor of Airbus is Boeing Company. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK: Foreign exchange risk is defined as the risk that an investor will have to close out a long or short position, in a foreign currency at a loss due to an adverse movement in exchange rates. It is also known as currency risk or exchange-rate risk. (Investopedia, 2010). Simply put it is the effect that fluctuations in foreign currencies or exchange rates that affect the business entity. It is evident that large corporations like Boeing and Airbus that have operations in many countries are exposed to foreign exchange risks. It mainly arises due to difference in the currencies in which the company bears its operating or production costs and the currency in which the company receives payments from its clients. Boeing being a US company, it reports its financial transactions in US dollars. The input output is priced in US dollar which is a globally accepted currency. So even if it does trading in other countries, it receives payments in US dollars. Hence it is exposed to low forex risk. Airbus being a French company, it reports its transactions in Euros. Input or output is been priced in Euro in the domestic market, while in the world market is been priced in dollar which is globally acceptable currency and this exposes the company to high forex risk because Euro is not a global currency. We summarize it through following table: Company Currency of Costs Currency of Revenue Match/Mismatch Boeing US Dollar US Dollar Match between currencies. Airbus Euros US Dollar (assume 60%) Euros (assume 25%) Others (assume 15%) Mismatch of currencies. TYPES OF EXPOSURES: TRANSACTION EXPOSURE: Transaction exposure measures changes in the value of financial obligations incurred before a change in exchange rates but to be settled after the change.(Hagelin, 2003). It is the risk of changes in exchange rates between the time that a good is sold and the time that payment is received in foreign currency. For Airbus: As explained above the currency costs of Airbus are in Euros while cost of revenues is mostly in US dollars and some in Euros. This mismatch is clear from the annual report of the company according to which the operations of the group are mainly concentrated in different countries such as China, United States, India and Middle East; hence the payments are done in US dollars. This explains that Airbus has a high transaction exposure towards US dollar. Any fluctuations in the rate of US dollar against the Euro would affect the profit margin of the group. The long term contracts that must be honored at future rates are the other causes of transaction risk to the Euro. Though sometime the profits are being locked in by using long term contracts for e.g. for spare parts, there is an opportunity cost involves as the value of Euro or the price of commodities may increase. (Chester Chronicle, 2008) For Boeing: The cost of revenues as well as production, are denoted in US Dollars. Hence there is a perfect match. So even if the company has operations in many parts of the world such as Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, and UK, the transaction exposure is less. Even if there is dissimilarity in the currency when Boeing sells its product to the different countries, the value is adjusted depending upon the countrys currency. The exposure arises due to variation in the currency rate, mainly of US dollar with other currencies. The danger here would be that the currency of the other country may strengthen or weaken to the corresponding US dollar. (Kascey, 2011). Consider the USD depreciates by 30%. The US currency would be under-valued, so this would lessen the profit margin of Boeing from payments received. But it would also reduce its cost of production. Thus this would hugely benefit for Boeing. On the other hand it would be very problematic for Airbus, as it would affect only the revenues and not the production costs. The decreased profits would cause a huge problem for Airbus. However, if USD value appreciates 30%, it would be of tremendous benefit to Airbus as the profits would be enhanced because of overvalued US dollars. Boeing would have to face the problems of increased cost of production but they would be backed off by the fact that payments would also be received in appreciated currency. TRANSLATION EXPOSURE: It is the risk that when the results of foreign subsidiaries are consolidated into the parents currency, translational gains or losses will result between reporting dates. The effects of translation risk are normally seen in the income statement and balance sheet. For Airbus: It deals mainly in aerospace, defense and commercial services. The Airbus commercial contributes 59% to the Companys revenue in 2009. (Airbus Annual report, 2009) The Company has a huge translation exposure, owing to the fact that it reports its earning in Euros. Transactions of its foreign subsidiaries, in foreign currencies other than the Euro are translated into Euro at the prevailing foreign exchange rate as at transaction date. It is mainly to the US Dollar as the trading in the industry and international markets is basically in US Dollar while the company reports its earnings in Euros. The translation risk of the company is evident in 2008 when the company had a decrease of 1% in revenue of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬43.265 million due to an unfavorable impact of the US Dollars. Furthermore, in 2007, their chairman- Mr. Louis Gallois in his estimation said every Euro appreciation of 10 cents against the USD is a cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1B to the company based on the fact that Airbus costs are denominated in Euros while the major share of its revenues are in USD. Airbus also holds a substantial US Dollar denominated assets that are subjected to translation risk. (http://hedgecurrencyrisk.com/36/foreign-exchange-risk-can-be-huge-fortunately-it-can-be-managed/). For Boeing: It deals in commercial and military aircraft, satellites, weapons, electronic and defense systems, launch systems, performance based logistics and training. Of this, commercial airplanes contribute 49.8% of the companys revenues (Boeing Annual report, 2009). Boeing does not have any translational exposure. This is only because the companys trading in international markets is mainly in US Dollars and the company reports financial data in US Dollars only. ECONOMIC EXPOSURE: It is the change in the net present value of future cash flows of the firm as a result of unanticipated changes in real exchange rates. It gives an idea of the potential volatility of the company. For Airbus: Economic exposure of the company is substantially important due to the geographical locations of companys operations. The operating costs are mainly in the Euros and in some other currencies in small portions. The earnings are in US dollars in majority. So if the Euro depreciates by 30% against the USD, its operating costs would relatively go down and it would gain cost advantage. Also its reported profits in Euros would increase due to exchange rate. And if the Euro appreciates by 30% against the USD, it will be facing a huge economic exposure as the operating costs would increase substantially and the reported earnings in Euros would also be less. For Boeing: With 82% of the employees of the company based in America and remaining 18% employees in other locations like India, New Zealand etc, majority of operating costs are in US dollars. So Boeing Company would pay employees mainly in USD while a little portion in other currencies also. The Boeing Company receives its revenue in USD only. Because of this match, any increase or decrease in USD would accordingly increase or decrease both the operating costs as well as profits. Hence the exposure is small and easily manageable, as they are already in USD denomination. COMPARISON CHART: From the above explanation, the exposures of the 2 companies can be summarized by the following table: Company Transaction Translation Economic Boeing Small Easy to manage Does not exist. Small but Manageable Airbus Big Very Difficult to manage High Difficult to manage. Huge. Very difficult to manage INTERNAL HEDGING: Internal hedging means using techniques available within the company or group to manage exchange rate risk. These techniques do not operate through the foreign exchange market and therefore they avoid associated costs. However, this does not mean they are costless. INTERNAL HEDGING TECHNIQUES: MATCHING RECEIVABLES AND PAYABLES: There is no problem if the receivables and payables are in the same currency. If the receivables and payables are in different currencies (mismatch) then there is a risk involved in it. (Joseph, 2000). Airbus operations in US would insulate its risks, as the cost of operations in USD is matched by payment in USD; gained from various services and selling various products in US itself. Fluctuations in other currencies will be negligible as the company will not have to pay operating costs in USD with Euro. In order to provide insulation towards risk in various other countries Airbus can obtain revenue in domestic currencies to pay operating costs in different currencies, payables and receivables for example. As a result of this economic risk can be minimized. (Joseph, 2000) However, this matching of receivables and payables will succeed only to a certain extent. As Airbus would have to borrow Euros with the currency received from other countries in order to bear the operating costs in its own parent company- France. In case of Boeing, this is not required as the company already has a perfect match between the currencies of its trade receivables and payables. CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED TREASURY FUNCTION (MULTILATERAL NETTING): Airbus with its centralized treasury function utilizes multilateral netting, which is one of the forms of internal hedging against foreign exchange exposure, in order to reduce risk. Multilateral netting is found commonly in Enterprise Wide Risk Management (EWRM) where the parent companys subsidiaries would report the forecasted payments and receipts in the foreign currencies and estimated current exposures to them. After taking internal hedging into account the central treasury calculates the net exposure of the company towards each currency. And it makes use of external hedging to hedge residual exposures. In order to have exchange controls as well as clear understanding of taxation in their respective countries; multilateral netting requires subsidiaries of the group to have a standardized budget reporting periods. The savings gained through the implementation of EWRM information system are also important and are enough for the cost to offset. (Aucoin, 1990). The main advantage of EWRM also includes reducing the capital costs by managing the volatility of earnings. This is made possible through internal rate risk and external hedge of dangerous exposures towards foreign exchange. ERM maximizes the portfolio effect and even helps organizations to exploit natural hedges as stated in capital asset pricing model. (Aucoin, 1990). Hence multilateral netting is applicable to Boeing. As multilateral netting is most commonly found in EWRM, by managing the volatility of earnings it reduces the capital costs. Thereby the risk of Boeing is also reduced. CURRENCY OF INVOICING: The choice of currency which international trade is invoiced is of high implication for Airbus and Boeing due to the nature of their products and services. In trying to avoid foreign exchange risks, both companies adopt currency of invoicing by choosing which currency to be used in international trade. The strategy would be helpful to both companies only when properly planned. Assume Boeing just got a contract with British airways to build five 747s and one is to be delivered each year for the next 5 years. We assume the rate to be 10 million per plane. If Boeing can negotiate and adjust the terms of the invoice, it can shift, share or diversify the currency risk involved in this transaction; which would be an added advantage to the company. To transfer the risk, Boeing can invoice the transaction in USD, then it has eliminated currency risk for itself, however, it has shifted it to British Airways. Assume $ =$1.80, then British Airways has an $18 million account payables and Boeing has an $18 million account receivables. To share the currency risk between both companies, British Airways can share the risk by invoicing 50% of the transaction in USD and the other 50% in British Pound (BP), i.e. $7.5m + £5m for each planes. The risk can even also be reduced by diversification through the payment of the transaction in various currencies based on the negotiation between the two companies. By so doing, Boeing has managed the currency risk. Airbus in similar situation can do the same but this time the currency involved will be Euro and British Pounds or several other currencies in case of diversification. (http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~mjperry/466-13.htm). ASSET AND LIABILITY MANAGEMENT: Asset and liability management (ALM) is basically a technique of risk management designed so as to earn an adequate return while maintaining a comfortable surplus of assets beyond liabilities. Boeing and Airbus do use this risk management technique to address foreign exchange risk and even operational risk and it also includes hedging where they can hedge against movements in fuel prices. Boeing and Airbus can manage their asset and liability in such a way as to: Increase their overall earnings Ensure efficient use of their capital and assets Manage the associated risk in a cost effective way. (http://www.investorwords.com/285/asset_liability_management.html). LEADING AND LAGGING: Leading is an internal hedging technique that is the acceleration of payment of companys obligation (e.g., payment to suppliers) before the due date while lagging, also internal hedging techniques, is the delay of payment of a companys obligation past its due date. (http://www.angelfire.com/ca/finrisk/Leading.html) For example, when Airbus or Boeing expects the currency (Euro) or (USD) respectively to appreciate in value, they may accelerate (leading) this obliged payment and realize the payment before the currency appreciates. In the same manner, when the value of the currency is expected to decrease in value, they may delay (lagging) payments so as not to make a loss in the transaction. (Victor P and Yann S, 2003). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we say that Foreign Exchange Risks depend upon the currency of costs and currency of revenues. Any difference within them is going to expose the company to Forex risks. The Forex risk that BOEING is exposed to is less mainly owing to the match between its input and output pricing currencies. While AIRBUS is exposed to huge risks as there is variation in the currencies of its costs and revenues. Also BOEING has Maintenance Contracts with companies and contracts with its Government to supply Military Planes due to which its risks have a backup from their Government in case of Financial Crisis. However AIRBUS doesnt have any such backing from its Government. This coupled with the high risks that it is exposed to; pose a grave threat for the company in case of financial crisis. The Internal Hedging mentioned above though useful for the companies are subjected to their effective and timely. And Airbus would be better naturally hedged against the risks by converting to repor t its financial transactions in US dollars than Euros.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Essay example --
Compare and contrast the assumptions of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Explain why these approaches made the assumptions they did, and critically evaluate each approach. Behaviorism and psychoanalysis are two influential theories of psychology that are pole apart. The most basic difference between these two theories is in the way they define a behavior. While behaviorists believe that that almost every human emotion is conditioned by habit and can be learned or unlearned, psychoanalysts believe that everything humans do is completely controlled by the unconscious mind at some level. Psychoanalysis is based on the theories proposed by Sigmund Freud. Freud proposed the idea that mental functions are on both conscious as well as unconscious levels. He believed that childhood events have a powerful psychological influence throughout a person’s life. With psychoanalysis, Freud tried to interpret the causes of patients ’problems by gaining an insight or revealing the unconscious processes to the conscious awareness. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into three different levels: the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. The conscious includes everything that we are aware of. Preconscious includes our memory, feelings and thoughts, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Finally, the unconscious contains all the feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. The contents of the unconscious mind, Freud believed, are mostly unpleasant. He believed that the unconscious is mostly important because it continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are not always aware of these underly... ...minated. In his book, Psychological Care of the Infants and Child, he crititicized child rearing practices prevalent in those times. He advocated a regulatory rather than permissive system of child rearing. In this way, we can see that even Watson believed that childhood experiences were important in building the personality of an individual. He stressed the importance of encouraging children to be productive from an early age. However, while Freud suggested an entirely sex- driven instinct in children and infants, Watson originally accepted idea of instincts, but later said they were merely due to conditioning He insisted that psychology restrict itself to objective study of behavior. While Freud’s psychoanalysis used hypnosis, free association and talk therapy to understand the causes of behavior and disorders in patients’, Watson claimed that observation is .
Friday, October 11, 2019
Advantages and disadvantages of E-books over books Essay
E-books have been around for a few years and even though printed books are still very popular E-books are becoming more popular as well. To be able to read E-books people need to have a special device called the E-reader or a tablet. Printed books do not seem relevant anymore, but there are still a lot of people who hold on to or prefer the traditional books. Some people expected the arrival of the e-book to replace the use of printed books. It can be noted that this is not true. Although the E-book seems to have a lot of advantages, there are also disadvantages when it comes to E-books. One of the main disadvantage according to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013), Tian Xiang Yu (2008) and Scott (2013) is that the reader needs an electronic device, like an E-reader or tablet. As with all technology it can break. Readers need to be far more careful with their E-readers than with books. One fall can break the screen of an E-reader, making it hard to read whereas a book can still be read. Scott (2013) also states that a second problem with needing an E-reader is that not every E-book can be downloaded on every E-reader. E- readers may not support every E-book format, this causes readers to be limited in the books they are able to read. A last problem with using an electronic device according to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013), Tian Xiang Yu (2008) and J. Perrine (2010) is, when working with an electronic device readers have to keep in mind that it needs to be charged. When the battery dies, readers cannot read until they charge the device. According to blogger, J. Perrine (2010), not only the fragile state or the incompatibility issues of E-readers is a problem, it also costs a lot of money to purchase an E-reader. The cost of an E-reader varies from proximally 50 to over 200 Euros. Even though E-books can be read on a laptop or tablet, it still is a very expensive purchase. Another disadvantage according to Scott (2013) and Tian Xiang Yu (2008) is staring at a screen all day. This can cause the readers to hurt their eyes, which leads to tiredness, headaches and blurred vision. A screen also does not have the same resolution as print on paper. Finally, reading an E-book also causes the experience of reading a book to change say Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013) and Jill Harness (n.d. ). Readers cannot flip through E-books easily, which makes it hard to go back and look something up. Not only that takes away from the experience but also the smell and feel of holding a printed book. The work that goes into book covers cannot be portrayed the same on a screen and opening a brand new book, cracking the spine is an experience an E-book can never give. On the other hand there are also advantages. The most obvious one is that E-readers are easy to take with you. Readers do not have to carry around a whole stack of books when they go on holiday. Readers only need to take one device that can carry hundreds of books and a charger to their destination. No more heavy bags and back pains (Tara Entwistle-Clark, 2013, Linda McMaken, 2012 and Jill Harness, n. d. ). In addition not only on the go this saves space according to Tara Entwistle-Clark (2013) and Jill Harness (n. d), but also in the reader’s home. Readers do not need large bookcases full of books anymore, this is especially a great advantage when one does not have a lot of space in their home. It makes a small home look more organized and with only one device readers have their whole library of books with them. Next, E-books themselves cost less than printed books and especially many English E-books can be found for free online. According to J. Perrine (2010), Linda McMaken (2012) and Michael Pastore (2008) this great availability and easy accessibility of E-books online can be a good motivation for people, especially children, to read more. The younger generation spends a lot of time behind a screen already and might be more likely to read a book on screen than a printed one. Reading books becomes easier, when the reader does not have to go out of the house to go buy a book or wait until their order arrives at home. They are one click away from getting a book and can start reading almost immediately. Michael Pastore (2008) and Jill Harness (n. d. ) write that another advantage is the fact that readers can customize front size, front color, front style and page size. This makes reading easier for people who have sight disabilities. For example, they can choose for a larger front size, which makes it easier for them to read. Some E-reader screens can be lit, which makes reading in the dark possible. E-books also give the opportunity to use multimedia, like adding sounds, moving images and links to internet pages. This way reading becomes a more interactive activity, making it again more appealing for a younger audience. Finally, the environment will benefit from the use of E-books as there is no use of paper and since readers can download E-books right from their home there is also no need to transport books to a store. This results in saving transportation costs and lowers the air contamination that comes with shipping books across the world. In addition it also saves space, as there is no need any more for depots or stores to store books. E-books are stored on the internet after all. (Michael Pastore, 2008 and Jill Harness, n. d.) In conclusion E-readers break easily and readers need to be more careful as not to break them. Readers need to keep in mind that not every E-book is compatible with every E-reader and that E-readers are expensive. Readers might get negative side effects from staring at a screen all day. Finally reading E-books does not give readers the same experience as reading a printed book. In contrast E-books are good for the environment, no transportation or paper needed. Readers can easily take many books with them, only needing an E-reader and it saves space in the reader’s home. Another great advantages is that E-books are cheaper than printed books and easier accessibly. Front sizes of E-books can be customized to the readers liking and they give the opportunity to use multimedia. This way E-books can reach a bigger audience. Finally we can say that E-books have a lot of advantages and disadvantages over books and it is up to the reader which they prefer. Bibliography Entwistle-Clark, T. (2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Readers. Examiner. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://www. examiner. com/article/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-readers. Harness, J. (n. d. ). The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books. Online-bookstores-review. toptenreviews. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://online-bookstores-review. toptenreviews. com/the-advantages-of-ebooks-versus-traditional-books. html McMaken, L. (2012). E-Books Vs. Print Books. Investopedia. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0812/e-books-vs. -print-books. aspx Pastore, M. (2008). 30 Benefits of Ebooks. Epublishersweekly. blogspot. nl. Retrieved January 17, 2014 from: http://epublishersweekly. blogspot. nl/2008/02/30-benefits-of-ebooks. html Perrine, J. (2010). E-books and reading devices: advantages and disadvantages. E-booksandreaders. blogspot. nl. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://e-booksandreaders. blogspot. nl/p/advantages-and-disadvantages. html Scott. (2013). Disadvantages of E-books. Sunflowerbookfest. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://www. sunflowerbookfest. com/disadvantages-of-e-books Yu, T. X. (2008). Disadvantages of E-books. Ezinearticles. com. Retrieved January 16, 2014 from: http://ezinearticles. com/? Disadvantages-of-E-books&id=1324883
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Cell Phone Use While driving Essay
While driving through the city you see many on their cell phones while driving. When on the road, or away from my loved ones we always want to make sure that we are in touch with them in case of an emergency. Many state that turning off your phone is key to being a safer driver. I disagree with that statement because your family needs you at any time of the day and that is why cell phone usage should be allowed while driving. Although some say that talking on the cell phone while driving is dangerous, i disagree because talking on the cell phone is just as dangerous as turning on the radio while driving, talking to the passenger, looking at the speed limit sign, eating food, or putting on makeup while driving. Nobody wants to be told when and when not to use their own cell phone, would if you could only use your car when you were told you were able to drive it. People will refuse to be told when and when not to use their cellphones, therefore there is no way to enforce this law. Some say that talking on the cell phone While driving is dangerous. â€Å"Talking on the cell phone makes you 1.3 times more likely to crash than if you were a non distracted driver.†This law should not pass because a driver that is under the influence, is far more dangerous than a driver who is talking on her cell phone, yes there are fatalities when people are on their phones. there was 3,000 deaths due to the use of cellphones while driving, compared to the 10,000 deaths that drunk driving has caused in one year! Every day in America, another 28 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes. (MADD.org) Almost every 90 seconds, a person is injured in a drunk driving crash. (MADD.org) Enforcing a bigger issue such as drunk driving is what we should be focusing on instead of talking while driving. I would have a far more concern driving next to a drunk driver other than somebody that is talking on the cell phone rather than somebody who is drunk. Some people need to learn how to call and drive, some are far better than others at talking while driving. maybe we should teach this in drivers ed classes, and teach people how to be safer while driving. â€Å"TSA’S 100 car study indicated that if a driver takes his or hers eyes off the road for more than two seconds the risk of them crashing is greatly increases the risks of crashing.†I disagree with this statement, because it may make you more likely to crash, but a lot of things distract you on the road such as the radio, food, makeup, people on the side of the road etc. Some say that driving didstracted is one of the most dangerous things that you can do, but that is wrong in my opinion, being distracted can be dangerous but compared to drunk driving or driving under the influence, being distracted is a very sma ll problem, being distracted while driving is dangerous but in the world there are over double the fatalities as distracted driving has. We should focus more on drunk driving than distracted drivers. Also the intensity of the call matters, if you are talking on the phone and in an intense conversation you are twice as likely to crash the vehicle. But still drunk driving is a lot more dangerous than talking while driving. There are some variations to the texting/calling while driving law that many americans are trying to enforce today that are somewhat reasonable and somewhat not. â€Å" Turning your cell phone off and allowing calls to go to voicemail while you’re driving is key to safer driving†this quote states that you should keep your phone off at all times while driving. I disagree with the fact that i should be told when and when not i can use my phone. For example, would if it is an emergency call and it can not wait? All phone carriers (Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile etc.) need to have a drivers mode setting on their phone i think, the drivers mode would work like this, if a family member or a emerge ncy contact calls you more than once, the call will go through, but if they only call you once the call will be stopped. This is one great alternative to saving lives on the road without taking away the privilege of using your cell phone while driving. People in america will respond better to this new law instead of rebellious actions from the community. â€Å" Letting drivers know laws will be enforced has been devoloped to enforce drunk driving, speeding, seat belts etc.†Yes, i agree that trying to enforce the cell phone law will help prevent crashes, but how do you enforce this law, by talking to the phone carriers to put a drivers mode on every cell phone in America is the best way to enforce this rule. Sometimes you need to take important phone calls while you’re in the car, that is why this law should not be enforced, there are many times in the car when you do not need to take phone calls, surf the web, text your friends while driving. Doing this kind of stuff while driving is bad and dangerous that is why many phone companies should have the drivers mode setting on their phone devices. There are many fatalities every year and texting and driving is not the main thing we need to be focusing on.
Powder by Tobias Wolff Essay
One of the most renowned American writers, Tobias Wolff is known mainly for his work on the memoir, and short stories. He was part of a new wave of writers, including Andre Dubus and Raymond Carver, who ushered in a novel style of fiction writing, which is all at once real yet incredible, grounded yet detached, but always engaging. Wolff wrote his short story â€Å"Powder†as part of his 1996 collection entitled The Night In Question. There are only two major characters in the storyâ€â€the teenaged narrator and his father, and everything takes place within the area of Mount Baker, a skiing resort. The fact that the boy’s parents were on the verge of divorce is established early on, and some of the implied reasons lie in the father’s character. Three descriptions were used in the first few paragraphs of the story that alluded to the fatherâ€â€Ã¢â‚¬Å"he had to fight for the privilege†, â€Å"he wouldn’t give up†, and â€Å"he was indiff erent to my fretting†. These three descriptive phrases convey a picture of a man with an aggressive nature, and would always pursue what he wants; this is proven by his keeping the flashy Austin-Healey, by insisting on taking his son to a club, and by being focused on bringing him homeâ€â€so as not to get his wife’s ire, for he believes they would still be able to patch things up. At the end of the story, it is the son himself who uses several adjectives on his fatherâ€â€Ã¢â‚¬Å"rumpled, kind, bankrupt of honor, flushed with certainty. He was a great driver. All persuasion, nor coercion.†After reading the story in its entirety, one would be able to associate the seemingly carefree and spontaneous characterization of the father to his being a man of gentle manner, yet gregarious tone; what his son lacked in youthfulness and spirit, he completely made up for. The methods of character development, as applied to the story, further examines the contrasting personalities of father and son: Narrative summary without judgment. While the father is almost explicitly judged through specific mentions of behavior and mindsets, the son, being the narrator, only reveals his true character of being methodical and systematic at the end of the story. The reader will only assume him to be a young boy easily influenced by his father. Narrative description with implied or explicit judgment. Exactly the way the father is discussed, as mentioned previously. Surface details of dress and appearance. For the father, the main points would be his Austin-Healey, and his son’s mention of his being rumpled, kind, and forty-eight years old. The son is later described, through his system with his clothes hangers, as being forward-thinking and methodical, and not exactly one who would take risks. Character’s actionsâ€â€what they do. The father is eager, spontaneous, and has no regard for rules, except when already in dire straits. Character’s speechâ€â€what they say. Using words like â€Å"Vamanos†, and â€Å"Buck up†shows the casual personality of the father, and the boy’s prim manner and speech validates his guarded nature. While the father’s character seems to be the more â€Å"explored†of the two, it simply shows their contrasting personalities, and how unusual these are for a child and an adult. But in truth, the concept of fresh powder represents the boy’s realization about new and uncharted territories far beyond his always-prepared itinerary. Without his father, who believes in persuading people to given in or help, the boy would have never seen how things are not always measured and studied, and that often one has to see where the road will take him.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Must write an individual report of 1500 words. This report must be Essay
Must write an individual report of 1500 words. This report must be based on the consumer focussed web site you are due to presen - Essay Example Thus, website development is highly crucial and it should be mainly designed using a customer centric approach so that it can steal the show among their existent competitors in the market (Chaffey and Dave, 2008, p. 152). I am a member of a website development team who is developing a website which deals with laundry products and apparels. The paper will focus on my justifications regarding the Internet market techniques along with other crisp business strategies which will be highly useful in making our website stand well in the competitive front. Promotion of Brand Awareness The promotion of brand awareness is one of the crucial parts to highlight the website and is one of the benevolent strategies of the e-commerce industry. The brand awareness must be executed in such a manner that the customers receive detailed and rational information regarding the firm and its offerings. This technique can be used as a signal to the current and prospective customers, which will state that the customer is on the cutting edge. I will develop a model with product differentiation strategies along with an image rich message with a tag line which should be in line with the actual performance of the products of delivery. Another stylized technique which I will apply to promote the website is AdWords which are an established mechanism of targeting the potential customers and establishing brand awareness at a reasonable price. I would also be posting some testimonials from our pleased customers along with a few photographs of our ways of functioning to support the services offered in my website. Target Audience Another major decision is the selection of target customers. The market has to be segregated into subparts of customers and sections should be set in the order of priority. Since our website focuses on the marriage laundry, domestic and hotel laundry, the market will be divided into subparts and focus on the micro analysis. People think of marketing management as finding a s many customers as possible and increasing demand. But it is not the right policy and it is not possible for the marketing manager to serve all the customers coming in their way. Trying to serve all the customers, it would not be possible to serve any of the customers properly. So in our area of target, our top priority will be on the marriage sector as well as the hotel sector. For example, Holt Renfrew and Harry Rosen stores profitably target affluent professionals; Dollarama stores profitably target families with more modest means. The advertisement budget will also have to be considered and will be concentrated on key areas. The main things which will be taken into consideration are targeting, demographics, key words and the budget. Keeping a close watch on this, our target customers can be attracted (Website Promotion, 2012). Creating Value Proposition The value proposition of the company
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Ideagora paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Ideagora paper - Essay Example Even revolutions have a certain degree of gradualness. Agora, which in the ancient Greece was the main place of gathering with the aim of conducting trade and crucial information sharing, has been used by modern innovators to come up with a modern common market. The common modern market has however mainly relied on the computer for ideas rather than eye-to-eye contact like in the ancient Greece. Using this idea of the Greece market, innovators have created Web sites on the internet for large number of people and businesses to converge with the common goal of sharing ideas and solutions for various problems. This is a shift from the ancient market setting where goods were the main items of trade while in the modern times it is ideas. This borrowing from the ancient Agora market to develop a market driven by ideas is termed as Ideagoras (Idea + Agoras). Ideagoras has influenced heavily on the management of many companies and has been in use in modifying the various production processes by different diverse companies. The venue of converging is the internet. The meetings in the internet have broken the various geographical and cultural barriers. Companies no matter their location in the world are able to interact freely, online. One such market is InnoCentive. InnoCentive is a company that helps other companies to precisely define, appropriately integrate and effectively execute the various innovative strategies that they may be having. InnoCentive emphasizes on extensive and intensive conclusive research and radicalized development on various diverse disciplines like engineering and business. After gathering the various proposals and areas of research from various managers or companies, the InnoCentive then posts them on the net as problems. This ideagoras company then calls on scientists to try to come up with the most appropriate
Sunday, October 6, 2019
West Yorkshire Police And A Merger Research Proposal
West Yorkshire Police And A Merger - Research Proposal Example The goal being to incorporate the police together so they would ultimately be together under one unit. The proposal will investigate the issues that would arise for the public sector as a result of the mergers. In addition, the perception of the police regarding the merger will be examined. The purpose of the research on the merger is to investigate and present the action methods that will work best to formulate a decision regarding the merger and reach a conclusion as to the best and most ethical course. There are many fact ors to be taken into consideration regarding a merger.. Included in the Yorkshire Police merger are legal issues, A recent newspaper article re ported on these issues. That the government was being taken to the high court over its plans to merge police forces, while rebel Labour MPs plan to derail the scheme in the Commons. Cleveland police force is to seek a judicial review of the home secretary's plans to merge it with the Durham and Northumbria forces. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 It further reportd thar While this was going on a group of Labour MPs led by John Grogan intends to sabotage the merger plans when they come through the Commons in the autumn. This twin opposition is John Reid's second major headache since being appointed at the start of the month, following the debacle of the failure to deport released foreign prisoners. The idea of bigger, better resourced, forces came in the wake of criticism of the small Cambridgeshire police force's response to the Soham murders. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 My research concluded that a go od merger is contingent on good planning and research Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is not the responsibility of one single police service serving the general public; with the exception of various special police forces and of Northern Ireland (which has one unified force, the Police Service of Northern Ireland), police forces are arranged in geographical areas matched to the boundaries of one or more local authorities; in recent years being increasingly described as "territorial police forces". (Baskerville 2004 p 329) In turn, these forces are regulated by the laws of the appropriate country within the UK (administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006), i.e., Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales. It is common for the territorial police forces in England and Wales to be referred to as "Home Office" police forces, after the government department which exercises control at a national level in England and Wales but this is erroneous as the description can encompass a number of miscellaneous forces subject to some kind of control by the Home Office but which are not the concern of the various Police Acts which control territorial police forces. (Bakersville 2004 p330) In 1981, James Anderton, the then Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police called for 10 regional police forces for England and Wales, one for each of the regions which would be adopted as Government Office Regions in England, and Wales.[2] A 2004 proposal by the Police Superintendents Association for the creation of a single national police force, similar to the Garda Sochna na hireann was rejected by the Association of Chief Police Officers, and the government has thus far agreed.[3] In September 2005, in a report[4] delivered to the then Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary suggested that the
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Week 6 posts 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Week 6 posts 6330 - Assignment Example Insertion of urinary catheters using aseptic technique in female patients is very sensitive practice and it requires a comprehensive knowledge in the area in order to avoid causing any harm. The description you have given is quite informative and I must agree that the systematic learning experience will definitely ensure the students that attend the class are well versed with the technique. Similar to what Billings and Halstead (2012), state in their text that learning objectives and checklist provide direction for students while practicing and learning the clinical skill, I found this to also apply to your learning experience design. It is true that may people do not consider self-administration of insulin to be a sensitive matter that needs care and hygienic conditions. You have mentioned that the skill will be learned over several sessions. Do you think that patients will be patient enough to attend all those sessions? Your post made me recall a sad situation I had in my childhood when a fellow student leg had to be amputated due to a wound infection that was not well dressed. He had stepped on a nail on his way from a camping site and after going to the nearby health Centre, the nurse who attended to him did not carry out the right procedure and soon after my friends leg was in a worse situation. It is therefore important for nurses to prioritize such a small topic such as would assessment with great interest. Just the way Silverstone (2004) elaborate more on the importance of proper educational practices a proper evaluation method that is valid and authentic must be used to leave no room for
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