Monday, May 25, 2020

Characteristics of Poor Teachers

One would hope that all teachers would strive to be excellent, effective educators. However, education is just like any other profession. There are those who work extremely hard at their craft getting better on a daily basis and there are those that are just simply there never striving to improve. Even though this type of teacher is in the minority, just a handful of truly bad teachers can hurt the profession.   What qualities can deem a teacher ineffective or bad? There are many different factors  that can derail a teacher’s career. Here we discuss some of the most prevalent qualities of poor teachers.   Lack of Classroom Management A lack of classroom management is probably the single biggest downfall of a bad teacher. This issue can be the demise of any teacher no matter their intentions. If a teacher cannot control their students, they will not be able to teach them effectively. Being a good classroom manager starts on day one by incorporating simple procedures and expectations and then following through on predetermined consequences when those procedures and expectations are compromised.   Lack of Content Knowledge Most states require teachers to pass a comprehensive series of assessments to obtain certification within a specific subject area. With this requirement, you would think that all teachers would be proficient enough to teach the subject area(s) they were hired to teach. Unfortunately, there are some teachers who  do not know the content well enough to teach it. This is an area that could be overcome through preparation. All teachers should thoroughly prepare for any lesson  before they teach it to make sure they understand what they are going to be teaching. Teachers will lose credibility with their students quickly  if they do not know what they are teaching, thus making them ineffective. Lack of Organizational Skills Effective teachers must be organized. Teachers who lack organizational skills will be overwhelmed and, as a result, ineffective. Teachers who recognize a weakness in organization should seek help in improving in that area. Organizational skills can be improved with some good direction and advice. Lack of Professionalism Professionalism encompasses many different areas of teaching. A lack of professionalism can quickly result in a teacher’s dismissal. Ineffective teachers are often tardy or absent. They may fail to follow a districts dress code or use inappropriate language in their classroom.   Poor Judgment Too many good teachers have lost their careers due to a moment of poor judgment. Common sense goes a long way in protecting yourself from these sorts of scenarios. A good teacher will think before acting, even in moments where emotions or stressors are running high.   Poor People Skills Good communication  is essential in the teaching profession. An ineffective teacher communicates poorly, or not at all, with students, parents, other teachers, staff members, and administrators. They leave parents out of the loop about what is happening in the classroom.   Lack of Commitment   There are some teachers who simply lack motivation. They spend the minimum  amount of time necessary to do their  job never arriving early or staying late. They do not challenge their students, ​are often behind on grading, show videos often, and give â€Å"free† days on a regular basis. There is no creativity in their teaching, and they typically make no connections with other faculty or staff members. There is no such thing as a perfect teacher. It is in the nature of the profession to continuously improve in all areas, including classroom management, teaching style, communication, and subject area knowledge. What matters most is a commitment to improvement. If a teacher lacks this commitment, they may not be suited for the profession.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Computer Security Systems Report A Literature Review For...

CSci530 Computer Security Systems report: A literature review for Electronic Commerce Security Zhiheng Chu 4398125439 zchu@usc.edu I have read the Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism published by the student affairs office. I understand what is expected of me with respect to properly citing sources, and how to avoid representing the work of others as my own. I wrote the material in this paper, except for such material that is quoted or indented and properly cited to indicate the sources of the material. I understand that using the words of others, and simply tagging the sentence, paragraph, or section with a tag to the copied source does not constitute proper citation and that if such material is used verbatim or paraphrased it must be†¦show more content†¦Then we turn to counter part to current widespread defense technologies and solutions in industry against those attacks. Key words: electronic commerce; security; I. Introduction After a successful IPO, the electronic commercial (E-Commerce) colossus Alibaba boasts a world-class market capital of $231.4 billion according to the FORTUNE magazine [1]. With the huge success of Alibaba’s IPO, E-Commerce is considered as one of the most important and promising business in world. Then what is e-commerce? It is commonly exchanging goods or services via Internet. Today you can get all retail brands via their online presence and even private goods. Moreover, e-Commerce also includes business-to-business (B2B) transactions between manufacturers and suppliers or distributors or other business parties. E-Commerce enables online-to-offline (O2O) mode, which is ordering or purchasing online and delivering offline. Recently, there are more and more retail brands, including BestBuy, supporting multi-channel retail, which is offering in-store pick-up service for online purchasing. Not limited to the online retail, e-Commerce systems are also widespread for the services industry. All leading commercial banks provide their online banking entrance on both mobile devices and Internet. Such kind of entrance allows users to retrieve bank statements, issue transactions, pay bills, invest in stock market and get financial support online. Thus to ensure the

Friday, May 15, 2020

Causes of Texas Independence

Why did Texas want independence from Mexico? On October 2, 1835, rebellious Texans took shots at Mexican soldiers in the town of Gonzales. It was barely a skirmish, as the Mexicans left the battlefield without attempting to engage the Texans, but nevertheless the Battle of Gonzales is considered the first engagement of what would become Texas War of Independence from Mexico. The battle, however, was only the start of the actual fighting: tensions had been high for years between the Americans who had come to settle Texas and the Mexican authorities. Texas formally declared independence in March of 1836: there were many reasons why they did so. 1. The Settlers Were Culturally American, Not Mexican Mexico only became a nation in 1821, after winning independence from Spain. At first, Mexico encouraged Americans to settle Texas. They were given land that no Mexicans had yet laid claim to. These Americans became Mexican citizens and were supposed to learn Spanish and convert to Catholicism. They never really became Mexican, however: they kept their language and ways and culturally had more in common with the people of the USA than with Mexico. These cultural ties with the USA made the settlers identify more with the USA than Mexico and made independence (or US statehood) more attractive. 2. The Slavery Issue Most of the American settlers in Mexico were from southern states, where slavery was still legal. They even brought their slaves with them. Because slavery was illegal in Mexico, these settlers made their slaves sign agreements giving them the status of indentured servants – essentially slavery by another name. The Mexican authorities grudgingly went along with it, but the issue occasionally flared up, especially when slaves ran off. By the 1830s, many settlers were afraid that the Mexicans would take their slaves away: this made them favor independence. 3. The Abolishment of the 1824 Constitution One of Mexico’s first constitutions was written in 1824, which was about the time that the first settlers arrived in Texas. This constitution was heavily weighted in favor of states’ rights (as opposed to federal control). It allowed the Texans great freedom to rule themselves as they saw fit. This constitution was overturned in favor of another that gave the federal government more control, and many Texans were outraged (many Mexicans in other parts of Mexico were, too). Reinstatement of the 1824 constitution became a rallying cry in Texas before the fighting broke out. 4. Chaos in Mexico City Mexico suffered great growing pains as a young nation in the years after independence. In the capital, liberals and conservatives fought it out in the legislature (and occasionally in the streets) over issues such as states rights and the separation (or not) of church and state. Presidents and leaders came and went. The most powerful man in Mexico was Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna. He was president several times, but he was a notorious flip-flopper, generally favoring liberalism or conservatism as it fit his needs. These problems made it impossible for Texans to solve their differences with the central government in any lasting way: new governments often reversed decisions made by previous ones. 5. Economic Ties with the USA Texas was separated from most of Mexico by large swaths of desert with little in the way of roads. For those Texans who produced export crops, such as cotton, it was far easier to send their goods downstream to the coast, ship it to a nearby city like New Orleans and sell them there. Selling their goods in Mexican ports was nearly prohibitively hard. Texas produced a lot of cotton and other goods, and the resulting economic ties with the southern US hastened its departure from Mexico. 6. Texas Was Part of the State of Coahuila y Texas: Texas was not a state in the United States of Mexico,  it was half of the state of Coahuila y Texas. From the beginning, the American settlers (and many of the Mexican Tejanos as well) wanted statehood for Texas, as the state capital was far away and difficult to reach. In the 1830s, the Texans would occasionally have meetings and make demands of the Mexican government: many of these demands were met, but their petition for separate statehood was always denied. 7. The Americans Outnumbered the Tejanos In the 1820s and 1830s, Americans were desperate for land, and often settled in dangerous frontier territories if land was available. Texas has some great land for farming and ranching and when it was opened up, many went there as fast as they could. Mexicans, however, never wanted to go there. To them, Texas was a remote, undesirable region. The soldiers stationed there were usually convicts: when the Mexican government offered to relocate citizens there, no one took them up on it. The native Tejanos, or native-born Texas Mexicans, were few in number and by 1834 the Americans outnumbered them by as many as four-to-one. 8​.  Manifest Destiny Many Americans believed that Texas, as well as other parts of Mexico, should belong to the USA. They felt that the USA should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and that any Mexicans or Indians in between should be kicked out to make way for the rightful owners. This belief was called Manifest Destiny. By 1830, the USA had taken Florida from the Spanish and the central part of the nation from the French (via the Louisiana Purchase). Political leaders such as Andrew Jackson officially disowned rebel actions in Texas but covertly encouraged Texas settlers to rebel, giving tacit approval of their deeds. The Path to Texas Independence Mexicans were keenly aware of the possibility of Texas splitting off to become a state of the USA or an independent nation. Manuel de Mier y Terà ¡n, a respected Mexican military officer, was sent to Texas to make a report on what he saw. He gave a report in 1829 in which he reported the large number of legal and illegal immigrants into Texas. He recommended that Mexico increase its military presence in Texas, outlaw any further immigration from the USA and move large numbers of Mexican settlers into the area. In 1830, Mexico passed a measure to follow Terà ¡ns suggestions, sending additional troops and cutting off further immigration. But it was too little, too late, and all the new resolution accomplished was to anger those settlers already in Texas and hasten the independence movement. There were many Americans who immigrated to Texas with the intention of being good citizens of Mexico. The best example is Stephen F. Austin. Austin managed the most ambitious of the settlement projects and insisted his colonists adhere to the laws of Mexico. In the end, however, the differences between the Texans and the Mexicans were too great. Austin himself changed sides and supported independence after years of fruitless wrangling with the Mexican bureaucracy and about a year in a Mexican prison for supporting Texas statehood a little too vigorously. Alienating men like Austin was the worst thing Mexico could have done: when even Austin picked up a rifle in 1835, there was no going back. On October 2, 1835, the first shots were fired in the town of Gonzales. After the Texans captured San Antonio, General Santa Anna marched north with a massive army. They overran the defenders at the Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836. The Texas legislature had officially declared independence a few days before. On April 21, 1835, the Mexicans were crushed at the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna was captured, essentially sealing Texas independence. Although Mexico would try several times in the next few years to reclaim Texas, it joined the USA in 1845. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War With the United States. Hill and Wang, 2007, New York.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Native Americans During The Colonial Era - 1477 Words

Imagine a person bought something that the person valued. The person was the owner of the product and took good care of it.Then, all of a sudden, a stranger comes and takes that product and declares it â€Å"discovered†. Now since the stranger â€Å"discovered† it, the product now has to be shared among them. This is similar to what happened to Native Americans in North America. Native Americans owned and lived in North America for several thousand years. Then, all of a sudden, European explorers came to North America and claimed the land â€Å"discovered†. Europeans started moving into the land and later, started sharing the land. Encounters between Europeans and Native Americans in the colonial era led to the exchange of diseases with Native Americans,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The new world had an extraordinary richness of languages†(Native peoples prior to European arrival).In the fifteenth century, people in Europe began to explore west to s eek new lands and resources because of economic problems.The Europeans came to America to look for gold and silver, but the trip would be difficult and dangerous because there were no maps and not much knowledge on how to get there.Prince Henrey took the challenge to make it possible for others to sail to the Americas without any knowledge on how to get there.He created a place where people who were interested could share their knowledge about geography.People learned about maps and navigation.Then, Henrys sailors finally decided to lead others to go west where eventually Jamestown would be created.In 1606, King James told the three royal charters to create a comfortable colony on the east coast.The English worried about being attacked from the Spanish so they chose almost an island where they parked their ships by tying them to the trees available.To honor the king, they named the place Jamestown(Culters at Jamestown). 20 African Americans went with the Europeans who landed at Ja mestown,Virginia,in1619.Those people were indentured servants according to the contract which said that they were free to enjoy the privileges. â€Å"It is estimated that fifteen percent of those who were shipped to

Pestle Mcdonalds in India Essay - 1752 Words

42 years after assassination Malcolm X inspires militant struggle against racism By Monica Moorehead Published Feb 18, 2007 5:55 PM On Feb. 21, 1965, revolutionary Black nationalist leader Malcolm X was assassinated while making a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, N.Y. He was only 39 years old. To this day, it is still widely believed throughout progressive sectors that the U.S. government was very much behind his death. Malcolm X | Consider the fact that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a repressive arm of the U.S. Justice Department, began keeping a file on Malcolm X—then Malcolm Little—in March 1953, upon his release from prison. It was during his prison term that he became politically radicalized and joined†¦show more content†¦A cursory reading of his autobiography, â€Å"Dreams from My Father,† will prove this point. President Obama is truly an African American; parts of his roots are with the Luo people in East Africa. The Luo are an ethnic group in Kenya, Eastern Uganda and Northern Tanzania. The Luo are the third largest ethnic group (13 percent) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (20 percent) and the Luhya (17 percent). The Luo and the Kikuyu inherited the bulk of political power in the first years following Kenya’s independence in 1963. When Malcolm visited Africa in 1964, he visited Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It was during that trip that he met with Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta, Ugandan President Dr. Milton Obote, and President Julius K. Nyerere and Muhammad Babu of Tanzania. Babu, Malcolm and Leroi Jones (now Amiri Baraka) held a meeting during this period in New York City. Malcolm talked about meeting President Kenyatta. Malcolm, however, was also aware of Kenya’s Oginga Odinga. The original caption for this photo, taken June 1, 1963, reads: â€Å"Nairobi, Kenya – Waving his ‘wisk’ the newly-elected Premier of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta (R, foreground), greeted throngs of cheering citizens as he rode through the streets of Nairobi. Accompanying Kenyatta are Tom Mboya (L), Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs; A. Oginga Odinga, Minister for Home Affairs; and James S. Gichuru, Minister for Finance. The motorcade was part of the National Holiday celebrations which marked the startShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix and Pestle Analysis of Mcdonalds in India3095 Words   |  13 Pagesproviding burgers, chicken products, French fries, break fast, salads, shakes, soft drinks and desserts.    McDonald India - a subsidiary of McDonald USA, is a joint venture company namely Co naught Plaza restaurants and Hard castle restaurants. Mc Donald’s have 50% equity share in both Joint Ventures. The former takes care of the Northern Markets and the latter looks after the western operations in India.    The taste of the Chicken burger that one from Bangalore will be similar to that in Delhi if the pointRead MoreImpact of International Environment on Mcdonald2711 Words   |  11 PagesNestle, Coke, Virgin, Tesco, Starbucks, KFC. Here, I will discuss about McDonalds having big fast- food chain in the whole world also how the global marketing environment has impact on it. I will describe it through PESTLE analysis where I will discuss some positive and negative effects. I will discuss the impact of global market environment on its shareholders, customers amp; competitors. Aims and Objectives of McDonalds: 1. To serve good food in a friendly and fun environment 2. To be a sociallyRead MoreAnalysis and Description of McDonalds’ Dollar Menu1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe content of this document begin by introducing McDonalds’ and also explains the company’s dollar menu. The document also contains a description of my selected product; ‘the dollar menu’ in terms of the four utilities of customer value, mainly possession, time, place and form. The document also identifies the product’s target market in the US as well as in China, the competition of the product category in both home and foreign markets, it contains an explanation of how I would apply the segmentationRead MoreWhy Companies Can Penetrate International Markets1698 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrate 5 reasons for operating internationally for a company such as McDonald. 5 reasons A first reason for a company such as McDonald is the increase in sales. For instance, if the company is performing very well in their native country, with the expansion in other international market will improve the revenue of the company. Furthermore, the fact that US does not cover the world population, thus influence McDonald to look beyond the domestic market since the uniqueness of the productRead MorePestle Analysis2473 Words   |  10 PagesPESTLE analysis to explain companys international strategy for I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INTRODUCTION       Globalization has made the globe considerably smaller.   States lines have turned into practically a divider separating certain regions of a massive unitary community.   Businesses are the one that are highly affected by this occurrence.   The virtual closeness of states has made trade and commerce an international event.   Together with these advances, the key standards of business are similarlyRead MoreMc Donalds Marketing1794 Words   |  8 Pagesincrease sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. This is where McDonald’s has excelled due to its ability to successfully integrate the customer’s perspective in its products and operations in a comprehensive manner. The revamped menu in India is an example of McDonald’s strategy of integrating the customer’s perspective in its products. — Viz Top Tip, published May 1989. Example1: Use a low cost product to attract consumers. Once the organization uses low cost products, and it has establishedRead MoreFundamentals Of Marketing ( 541 )1983 Words   |  8 PagesMarketing (541) REVIEW REPORT By Amritpal Singh (1512063) Jaskirat Singh (1601063) Paramjit Bhella (1510142) Lecturer: Faisal Qureshi Date of Submission: 9-6-2016 (1) History of McDonalds McDonald’s restaurants are international fast food restaurants. There are about 160 restaurants nationwide of McDonalds New Zealand which offers food to about one million of people every week. It offers special meals and combo packs of fast food to the people. Moreover it tries to give best and tasty foodRead MoreMcdonalds Market Structure5301 Words   |  22 Pagesthe late- 1990s fast-food chain McDonalds had enjoyed 40 years of exceptional performance. McDonalds brand mission is to be a customers favorite place and way to eat. McDonalds worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. They are committed to continuously improving theirs operations and enhancing customers experience. McDonalds place the customer experience atRead MoreA Critical Study On Marketing Planning4038 Words   |  17 Pages 1.1 changing perspectives in marketing 1.2 Managerial, financial, operational, human resource and intangible (Brand) capability 1.3 SWOT, PESTLE and Porter’s 5 forces for auditing and external factor. 1.4 PESTLE analysis of external factors M1 SWOT and PESTLE for internal and external audits M2 Porter’s 5 forces for competitors’ analysis 05-08 02 Dealing with Marketing barriers and challenges. 2.1Read MoreMcdonalds : A Fast Food Restaurant That Changed The World2339 Words   |  10 Pageshearty take away? McDonalds! Headquartered in United States of America (USA), McDonalds is known as the emblem to globalization with their successful worldwide franchises. McDonalds are a leader in the fast food industry. They have served over 68 million customers daily (Burger Business, 2012). McDonalds have around 35 000 restaurants worldwide, with 1.9 million employees working under their majestic corporation. Furthermore, 80% of their restaurants are franchised (McDonalds, 2014). Forbes (2013)

Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision Making Reflective

Question: Discuss about theCritical Thinking and Managerial Decision Makingfor Reflective. Answer: Introduction I consider myself to be extremely lucky and fortunate enough to be able to study and complete my course on Critical thinking and Decision making. This course has really changed the course of my life and drastically altered my perception towards the diverse aspects which are associated with critical thinking and decision making which takes place within the different business establishments around the globe. I have realized the importance of critical thinking and how it enables the management of an organisation to undertake effective decisions towards the right direction of organisational success. My course has really played a very important role in enhancing the boundaries of my knowledge regarding the aspect of critical thinking and its applications within the contemporary business establishments. During the initial stages of my course, I was not much familiar with the aspect of critical thinking that takes place within a managerial setting. Before developing this study I was less aware of the significant aspects of critical thinking that it could be helpful for a business organisation to take appropriate decisions. After enrolling myself with this course, I came to understand and realised the importance of critical thinking and how it plays such an important role in ensuring the overall effectiveness of the business decisions which are undertaken within an organisation. The aspect of critical thinking essentially involves knowledge, comprehension, analysis and implementation and all these four elements play a vital role in determining the overall outcomes of the decisions which have been undertaken by the top level management within an organisation (Alvesson Willmott, 2012). In course of time, I came to understand that critical thinking is a very important quality which is inherent in good business leaders. The critical thinking enables the business leaders to monitor the performance of their organisation in the market. It enables the business leaders to analyse the changes that are taking place in their external environment and how those environmental factors could have influence on the overall performance of the organisation. Hence, critical thinking enables the decision making authorities in business organisations to select the appropriate activities and strategic approaches which enable the business establishments to adapt to the market changes. This enables the business establishments to incorporate the necessary changes in their business strategies and this helps an organisation for gaining better competitive advanatghe from other competitors to ensure better market sustainability (Gregory et al. 2012). After completing this study, my concept regarding critical thinking and its application at the workplace has undergone a complete transformation. I have gathered enough knowledge regarding the manner in which the process of decision making takes place across various establishments. Critical thinking is considered to be the ability to think clearly and rationally, which enables a business leader to clearly understanding the logical connection between the different ideas that they have in their minds and how those ideas could be applied within their business setting to gain better competitive advantage from other competitor businesses. I have understood that critical thinking enables an individual to constantly look out for new techniques and alternatives through which a task/job can be undertaken in a more effective manner and thus it enables an individual to purse excellence at the workplace (Salas et al. 2009). In the duration of my course, I came to realise that critical thinking and managerial decision making are interrelated to each other and each compliments the other. In the absence of any one of them, the efficiency and quality of the other aspect is bound to be affected. The critical thinking also plays a vital role in enabling the business leaders to impart the necessary motivation and inspiration among their employees and this helps a business establishment to enhance the commitment and dedication levels among the employees by ensuring job satisfaction for their staffs. Hence, critical thinking is also a factor for business organisations to gain better loyalty from the staffs so that the valuable human resources could be retained for longer tenure (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The overall accuracy of the management decisions is depending to a large extent on the ability of the managers to undertake critical thinking. It is effectively helpful for the business organisations to identify the negative market and business factors which are affecting the overall organisational performance adversely. It also helps business organisations and their management authorities to implement proper strategic approaches so that the negative factors affecting the business performance could be eliminated or managed. The study also enhanced my knowledge about the usefulness of critical thinking in business organisations for realising the exact consumer needs and expectations so that quality products and services could be provided to them according and better consumer satisfaction and loyalty could also be achieved. Critical thinking enables business organisations and concerned management authorities to analyse the consumer buying behaviour and their changing expectations so th at their positive buying behaviour towards the consumer offerings could be retained through meeting their expectations in products and service developments (Alvesson Willmott, 2012). In the course of my study I have realised that critical thinking enables the mangers to think more deeply which enables them to find out effective solutions to various problems that are being faced by an organisation. Critical thinking is also a significant approach for business organisations to enhance the employee engagement towards strategic decision making as operation level staffs are the best stakeholders for realising the operational issues. Subsequently it also enhances the efficiency of business organisations to make the best use of the innovativeness of every experienced and skilled staff (Briner et al. 2009). Thus, I can really conclude that I have gathered a lot of knowledge from this course and it has really enriched me as a person. I sincerely hope that all the knowledge that I have gained from this course would play a vital role in my future career ahead and enable me to succeed within the corporate environment. Reference Alvesson, M., Willmott, H. (2012). Making sense of management: A critical introduction. Sage. Briner, R. B., Denyer, D., Rousseau, D. M. (2009). Evidence-based management: concept cleanup time?.The Academy of Management Perspectives,23(4), 19-32. Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., DiazGranados, D. (2009). Expertise-based intuition and decision making in organizations.Journal of Management. Gregory, R., Failing, L., Harstone, M., Long, G., McDaniels, T., Ohlson, D. (2012).Structured decision making: a practical guide to environmental management choices. John Wiley Sons. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Role of English in 21st Centuary free essay sample

The Role of English in the 21st Century: Melvia A. Hasman The world is in various stages of social, economic, and demographic transition. Economically and politically, the world has changed more rapidly in the past few years than at any time since 1945. The emerging global economy is both competitive and interdependent. It reflects the availability of modern communications and production technologies in most parts of the world. So, do we need to be concerned about the future of the English language in the 21st century? According to The Economist (1996), English continues to be the world standard language, and there is no major threat to the language or to its global popularity. But, changes are coming. An international economy Two factors drive this global marketplace. First, many manufactured products have one or more foreign components. Ford cars and IBM computers are just two examples of this. Second, more than half of all imports and exports, which governments label foreign trade, are transacted between domestic companies and their foreign affiliates. The increasing globalization of the marketplace is forcing companies to pay more attention to international developments. Domestic firms are adjusting their structures and methods of operation to fit a broader and rapidly changing economic environment. They are increasing their geographic outreach because more of their suppliers and customers are located on various continents. For example, last year Johnson and Johnson sold more products outside the United States than in the United States. Hewlett Packard, like many companies, lost money when the Asian economy collapsed. Joint ventures are no longer just theoretical possibilities. Mergers and acquisitions, like Chrysler/Daimler Benz and MCI and British Telecom, increasingly cross national boundaries. This trend is expected to con-tinue into the next millennium. This internationalization is illustrated in three ways. First, companies change their basic goals to conform to a global marketplace. Second, they adapt their products to local markets. But most importantly, they do not set up international bureaucracies; instead, they hire foreign nationals who understand the local markets. Why discuss economics with the English language? Because the English language is closely associated with this economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increasing speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology—English. Spread of English The global spread of English over the last 40 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions. Worldwide over 1. 4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the world’s population speaks English with some degree of competence. And by 2000 one in five—over one billion people—will also be learning English. Over 70% of the world’s scientists read English. About 85% of the world’s mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems is stored in English. By 2010, the number of people who speak English as a second or foreign language will exceed the number of native speakers. This trend will certainly affect the language. English is used for more purposes than ever before. Vocabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and scientific developments, economics and management, literature and entertainment genres. What began some 1,500 years ago as a rude language, originally spoken by obscure Germanic tribes who invaded England, now encompasses the globe. When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When German physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their findings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs, they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use lyrics or phrases in English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English. Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to incorporate vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects. In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall linguistic dominance, first in Europe and then globally. Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economies from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed word, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-mediated communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It encourages more informal conversational language and a tolerance for diversity and individual style, and has resulted in Internet English replacing the authority of language institutes and practices. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic syntax.